Part 2 - Terms and Definitions

CHAPTER 2.1. INTRODUCTION

In the field of electrical installations, mastering the terms and definitions is crucial to avoid misinterpretation during the design, installation, and maintenance processes. This chapter establishes a common vocabulary for all stakeholders, facilitating a clear understanding of standards and requirements.

Why a common vocabulary?

Clear technical language reduces the risk of errors, misunderstandings, and ensures better communication between different parties (electricians, inspectors, property owners).

CHAPTER 2.2. INSTALLATION CHARACTERISTICS

The characteristics of electrical installations include materials, types of earthing systems, and electrical parameters. A precise understanding of these terms is essential to guarantee the safety and compliance of installations.

Section 2.2.1. General Characteristics

This section covers the basic technical terms and essential earthing diagrams.

Subsection 2.2.1.1. General Terms

The terminology used in electrical installations is critical for a consistent understanding of the requirements of the Belgian Electrical Regulations. Here are the main terms, including recent updates, to differentiate between domestic and non-domestic installations.

Term	Description
Domestic Installation	Installation in a private dwelling, used for personal purposes, not utilized for business activities.
Non-Domestic Installation	Common areas of residential buildings, technical rooms, installations for commercial use.

Practical Examples

Domestic Installation: A single-family house or apartment for private use.
Non-Domestic Installation: Common areas of a residential building (hallways, lobbies) or commercial premises.

Reference Illustration: An illustration in the Belgian Electrical Regulations shows the differences between domestic and non-domestic installations. For example, an apartment is a domestic installation, while common areas of a building are classified as non-domestic.

Note: A common error in this section is to incorrectly classify installations. Professionals must ensure proper categorization to avoid non-compliance and penalties.

Subsection 2.2.1.2. Earthing Diagrams

Earthing is essential to channel leakage currents and prevent electric shocks. Below is an overview of common earthing systems:

Diagram	Description	Common Usage
TT (Earth-Earth)	Each installation has its own independent earth electrode.	Residential, domestic
TN (Earth-Neutral)	Network neutral directly connected to earth.	Industrial, commercial
IT (Insulated-Earth)	Network isolated from earth with indirect earthing.	Sensitive environments (e.g., hospitals)

Importance of Earthing

Proper earthing protects occupants from electrical hazards and helps to safely dissipate overloads to the ground. Each earthing system has its advantages and is chosen based on the application and safety requirements.

b. Descriptions of Earthing Systems

The following earthing variants are detailed in the Belgian Electrical Regulations, each with specific applications:

TN-S System: Full separation of the neutral and protective conductors, ideal for modern installations.
TN-C-S System: Combination of neutral and protective conductors in part of the circuit, then separation, offering flexibility for diverse environments.
TT System: Independent earthing for each installation, commonly used in residential properties.
IT System: Insulated supply from earth, suitable for sensitive environments like hospitals.

b.1. TN System Variants

The TN system connects a point of the supply (often the neutral) to earth. There are three variants:

TN-S System: Separation between the neutral conductor (N) and the protective conductor (PE) throughout the installation. This minimizes the risk of electrical interference.
TN-C System: The neutral and protective functions are combined in a single conductor (PEN), often found in older installations.
TN-C-S System: A combination of both systems, providing better adaptation in modern infrastructures.

Warning!

TN-C systems can present additional risks in modern installations, as they do not offer complete separation between neutral and protection.

b.2. TT System

The TT system differs from TN by having an independent earth electrode for each installation, providing enhanced safety in residential environments.

Advantage: Each installation has independent protection against faults.
Limitation: Requires a specific earth electrode for each installation.

b.3. IT System

In the IT system, the supply is isolated from earth, reducing the risk of short circuits in sensitive environments.

Common Usage: Hospitals, laboratories, environments requiring high service continuity.
Feature: In the event of a fault, installations continue to operate, allowing additional time for intervention.

Section 2.2.2. Quantities and Units

Quantities and units are fundamental for properly sizing cables, selecting the power of circuit breakers, and verifying the capacity of installations. They help ensure safety and performance in every installation.

Reminder

Basic and advanced quantities are crucial for safety calculations and effective management of electrical consumption.

Basic Quantities

Quantity	Symbol	Unit	Description
Voltage	V	Volt	Electrical potential difference
Current	I	Ampere	Amount of current in a circuit
Resistance	R	Ohm	Opposition to the flow of current
Power	P	Watt	Amount of energy transferred per unit of time

Advanced Quantities

These quantities are essential for component analysis in installations and include concepts such as nominal value and Joule integral.

Term	Description	Formula / Unit	Practical Example
Nominal Value	Indicates the capacity of electrical equipment.	V (voltage), A (current), etc.	For example, a 16 A circuit breaker for a lighting circuit.
Rated Value	Value specified by the manufacturer for optimal equipment use.	Specified by the manufacturer	A motor rated at 230 V for maximum performance.
Effective Value	Root mean square (RMS) of a quantity over a period.	Ex. RMS Voltage (Veff)	Represents the direct current equivalent of an alternating current.
Ripple Factor	Ratio of the periodic component to the direct component of a power supply.	RMS Value / DC Value	Measures the stability of a power supply: a lower factor indicates greater stability.
Dissipated Energy	Energy dissipated by a current in a resistor over a time interval.	Current squared × time	Used to calculate the dissipated energy in thermal protection devices.

Section 2.2.3. Various Installations

Various installations cover specific configurations adapted to different environments.

Type of Installation	Characteristics	Example Equipment
Residential	Low voltage, enhanced safety	Lighting, sockets, household appliances
Industrial	High power, need for increased protection	Industrial machines, compressors
Safety	Very low voltage, secure power supply	Alarm systems, cameras, smoke detectors

Example Image 📸

An illustrative photo will be added here soon. If you would like to contribute, please send a photo to docs@bativolt.com. Let’s enhance the educational experience of Bativolt together!

CHAPTER 2.3. VOLTAGES

Section 2.3.1. General Terms

Electrical voltages represent the potential difference between two points in a circuit. Each level imposes specific safety standards to prevent risks of non-compliance.

Importance of Voltage

Incorrect voltage classification can lead to accidents, so it is crucial to fully understand each voltage range.

Voltage Classification

Very Low Voltage (VLV):
- Description: < 50 V AC or < 120 V DC.
- Typical Applications: Safety systems, outdoor lighting, equipment in public spaces (playgrounds, portable devices).
- Advantages and Constraints: Offers maximum safety but is limited in power.
Low Voltage (LV):
- Description: Between 50 V and 1,000 V AC; ideal for residential use.
- Typical Applications: Electrical sockets, household appliances, lighting.
- Advantages and Constraints: Suitable for most domestic and light industrial equipment with basic protection.
High Voltage (HV):
- Description: > 1,000 V AC, used for industrial installations.
- Typical Applications: Power distribution lines, high-power motors.
- Advantages and Constraints: Allows energy transmission over long distances, requiring advanced safety measures.

Term	Description	Common Use
Low Voltage (LV)	Voltage < 1,000 V AC / 1,500 V DC	Residential, light industrial
Very Low Voltage (VLV)	Voltage < 50 V AC / 120 V DC	Outdoor lighting, safety systems
High Voltage (HV)	Voltage > 1,000 V AC / 1,500 V DC	Industrial, energy transmission, distribution

Section 2.3.2. Voltage Ranges in Alternating Current

Voltage ranges in alternating current (AC) are classified for various applications, based on strict safety standards. Specifications for each range are detailed in Table 2.1, page 15.

Voltage Range	Voltage Level (AC)	Typical Usage	Reference to Table
Very Low Voltage (VLV)	< 50 V	Outdoor lighting, safety systems	See Table 2.1, page 15
Low Voltage (LV)	50 V - 1,000 V	Residential, commercial (lighting, sockets, appliances)	See Table 2.1, page 15
High Voltage (HV)	> 1,000 V	Energy distribution, industrial applications	See Table 2.1, page 15

Explanation of Table 2.1:

Very Low Voltage (VLV): Used for low-energy devices like outdoor lighting.

Low Voltage (LV): Common in homes, used for electrical sockets and household appliances.

High Voltage (HV): Reserved for industrial applications requiring advanced protection.

Section 2.3.3. Direct Current Voltage Ranges

Direct current (DC) voltage ranges also follow classifications for installation safety. The specifications for each range are detailed in Table 2.2, page 15.

Voltage Range	Voltage Level (DC)	Typical Usage	Reference to Table
Very Low Voltage (VLV)	< 120 V	Telecommunications, lighting, security systems	See Table 2.2, page 15
Low Voltage (LV)	120 V - 1,500 V	Solar systems, residential equipment	See Table 2.2, page 15
High Voltage (HV)	> 1,500 V	Energy transmission, industrial applications	See Table 2.2, page 15

Explanation of Table 2.2:

Very Low Voltage (VLV): Suitable for telecommunications and safety equipment.

Low Voltage (LV): Used for solar panel installations and residential devices.

High Voltage (HV): Designed for energy transmission, requiring enhanced protection measures.

CHAPTER 2.4. PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCKS

Protection against electric shocks is essential in any electrical installation to ensure user safety and prevent severe violations. This chapter outlines key terms, types of insulation, and equipment classification for optimal protection.

Section 2.4.1. General Terms

Electrical safety relies on fundamental concepts to prevent electric shocks. This section covers definitions and key notions, such as direct and indirect contacts and the characteristics of conductors in a circuit.

Why is this important?

Electric shocks can be fatal or cause serious injuries. Understanding the basic concepts is crucial for anyone involved in managing electrical installations.

Key Term Definitions

Electric Shock:
- Definition: Physiological reaction to the flow of electric current through the human body. Severity varies based on intensity, duration, and current path.
- Importance: Preventing hazardous situations is essential to ensure safety in all installations.
Direct and Indirect Contacts:
- Direct Contact: Occurs when a person touches live parts like conductors, posing an immediate shock hazard.
- Indirect Contact: Happens when a person touches exposed metal parts accidentally energized due to insulation failure.
Shock Current:
- Definition: Current flowing through the human body during an electric shock, potentially hazardous and life-threatening.
Circuit Conductors:
- Active Conductor: Carries current, including the neutral in alternating current.
- Neutral Conductor: Connected to the neutral point, can also play a protective role.
- PEN Conductor: Combines the functions of both neutral and protective conductor in a single wire.

Parts and Components in an Electrical Installation

Live Parts:
- Definition: Components or conductors that are energized during normal operation. Although the PEN conductor carries energy, it is not classified as a live part.
Simultaneously Accessible Parts:
- Bare components or conductors that can be touched simultaneously. The minimum distance between them is defined by: [ d = 2.50 + 0.01 \times (UN - 20) ] with a minimum of 2.5 m, where ( UN ) is the nominal voltage in kV.

Conventional Voltage Limits and Safety Curves

The voltage limits are strictly defined safety values to prevent electric shocks. The Belgian Electrical Regulations provide:

Table 2.3, page 19: Absolute voltage limits (UL) depending on the skin moisture condition.
Table 2.4, page 19: Relative voltage limits (UL(t)) for different exposure durations.

Code	Condition of Human Body	UL in V (AC)	UL in V (DC)
BB1	Dry or slightly moist skin	50	120
BB2	Wet skin	25	60
BB3	Skin immersed in water	12	30

Relative Voltage (UL(t)): Varies with exposure time. The safety curves in the Belgian Electrical Regulations define these values, minimizing risks based on duration.

Section 2.4.2. Insulations

Insulation is a crucial barrier against electric shocks. It prevents direct contact with live parts by using non-conductive materials to protect users.

Type of Insulation	Description	Typical Usage
Basic Insulation	Minimum protection for standard cables and equipment	Domestic appliances, wiring
Double Insulation	Two layers of protection, eliminating the need for earthing	Portable devices, Class II equipment
Reinforced Insulation	Enhanced protection for optimal safety, often used in sensitive environments	Industrial settings, wet areas

Watch out for Violations!

Inadequate insulation for the environment (e.g., absence of double insulation in wet conditions) constitutes a violation. Replace non-compliant materials to avoid penalties.

Section 2.4.3. Classification of Equipment for Protection Against Electric Shocks

Equipment is classified based on its insulation and the protection it offers against electric shocks. This determines the required safety measures for each type of equipment:

Class I:
- Characteristics: Equipment with basic insulation that requires earthing for protection in case of a fault.
- Usage: Fixed appliances like washing machines and heaters.
Class II:
- Characteristics: Equipment with double or reinforced insulation, not requiring earthing.
- Usage: Portable tools, household appliances.
Class III:
- Characteristics: Operates at extra-low safety voltage (SELV), minimizing the risk of electric shock.
- Usage: Toys, low-voltage lighting, electronic devices.

Class	Description	Example Usage
Class I	Requires earthing; basic insulation with fault protection	Heaters, large household appliances
Class II	Double insulation, no need for earthing	Portable tools, small household appliances
Class III	Operates at SELV, reduces shock risk	Toys, low-voltage lamps

Best Practices for Each Class

Class I: Always check the earthing connection to prevent fault risks.
Class II: Ensure the double insulation is intact to avoid failures.
Class III: Regularly inspect cables and connectors to guarantee maximum safety in extra-low voltage conditions.

Common Violations: Misuse of equipment classes, such as lack of earthing for Class I appliances, is a frequent source of non-compliance. Ensure each device meets its classification standards to guarantee user safety and avoid penalties.

Touch Accessibility Volume

The touch accessibility volume defines the area where a person might accidentally touch live parts. These volumes are designed to minimize the risk of accidental contact and are illustrated in the Belgian Electrical Regulations:

Figure 2.6, page 17: Accessible volume with limited circulation area.
Figure 2.7, page 17: Volume limited by an obstacle (e.g., a wall).
Figures 2.8 and 2.9, page 18: Restricted volumes with openings to prevent direct contact.

These volumes are calculated for each installation based on the nominal voltage, defining minimum distances around electrical installations.

Practical Info: Minimum distances ensure a safe space around installations, reducing the risk of accidental contact. Make sure to respect these values in all work environments.

CHAPTER 2.5. EARTHING SYSTEMS

Earthing Installation

An earthing installation is crucial for securing electrical installations. It redirects fault currents to the ground, reducing the risk of electric shock in the event of a failure. Here is a detailed explanation of the components shown in Figure 2.10, pages 22-23, to help both professionals and non-experts understand each part of this complex configuration.

Explanation of Earthing Components

Main (1) and Supplementary (2) Equipotential Bonding: Equipotential bonding connects all conductive metal parts in the installation to maintain the same electrical potential. Main equipotential bonding connects key parts of the installation (e.g., metal structures), while supplementary bonding adds local connections to enhance safety in specific areas.
Protective Conductor (3): This conductor connects metal parts (e.g., machine frames) to the earth electrode. Its role is to direct fault currents to the ground in case of a short circuit, protecting users from electric shocks.
Distributor Earth (4): An earth connection provided by the electricity distributor, creating a common ground reference for the entire electrical network, enhancing system safety.
Main Protective Conductor (5): This conductor connects all installation masses to the main earth terminal, ensuring that all equipment linked to the network is protected against insulation failures.
Main Earth Terminal (6): The central connection point for all earthing links in the installation. It serves as the primary node connecting the various protective conductors to the earthing network.
Earth Disconnecting Device (7): A device that allows the earthing connection to be separated from the system, typically used for testing and maintenance. The disconnecting device can be activated to isolate the earth connection, facilitating earth resistance checks.
Earth Conductor (8): This conductor connects the main earth terminal to the earth electrodes, ensuring an effective link between the installation network and the ground.
User Earth Electrode (9): The user’s own earth electrode, typically buried, allows fault currents to dissipate safely into the ground. It must be installed at a sufficient depth (below the frost line) to maintain optimal conductivity.
Metal Masses (10): All non-live metal parts of the installation, such as equipment casings, must be earthed. This ensures that in case of a fault, these surfaces do not become dangerously conductive.
Structural Elements, Heating, Water, Gas (11-15): These structural and functional elements (e.g., water, gas, and heating pipes) are also connected to the earthing network. This prevents hazardous potential differences between these elements and other conductive parts of the installation, especially important in wet environments or areas where users may contact multiple conductive surfaces.

Role of Earthing Components

The various parts of the earthing network work together to secure the installation by reducing the risk of electric shock. Maintaining these connections in good condition is essential for the safety of electrical installations.

Overall Operation

The earthing diagram presented in Figure 2.10 shows how conductors and earth electrodes are interconnected to form a complete protective circuit. This system ensures that in the event of a fault in a device or part of the installation, the leakage current is directed to the ground, where it can safely dissipate.

Importance of Earth Resistance

The earth resistance (RE) must be equal to or less than 30 ohms to guarantee effective fault current dissipation. A high RE could limit dissipation capacity, increasing the risk of electric shock.

Safety Measures

Ensure to check earth resistance during initial installation and at regular intervals, especially in environments where humidity and temperature can affect soil properties.

Key Terms and Components of Earthing

Earth: The ground or a conductive material used to dissipate fault currents.
Earth Electrode: A buried conductive element that ensures a good connection with the earth.
- Common Violation: Shallow installation or placement in unsuitable soil.
- Solution: Bury the electrode below the frost line (60 cm) and ensure an earth resistance (RE) ≤ 30 ohms.

Earthing Measurement Caution

Excessive earth resistance can be a risk. Ensure to select an appropriate location for the electrodes.

Auxiliary Earth and Probe:
- Auxiliary Earth: Used to measure the dispersion resistance.
- Probe: Placed in the neutral zone for precise measurement.
- Violation: Lack of auxiliary earth during testing.
- Solution: Use auxiliary earths and probes for reliable measurements.

Protective and Earth Conductors

Type of Conductor	Description	Common Violation	Solution
Protective Conductor	Connects metal masses to the earth electrode	Absence of protective conductor	Ensure continuous connection of metal masses to the earthing system.
Main Protective Conductor	Connects metal masses and foreign conductive parts to the earth terminal	Incomplete or missing connection	Link metal masses and conductive parts to prevent potential differences.
Earth Conductor	Connects the main earth terminal to the earth electrode	Non-compliant or poorly connected conductor	Verify the sizing and continuity of the conductor.

Protection Zones, Bonding, and Earth Resistance

Equipotential Zone and Bonding:
- An area without dangerous potential differences, maintained through bonding.
- Common Violation: Missing equipotential bonding.
- Solution: Install bonding connections to keep metal masses at the same potential.

Safety Tip

Equipotential zones minimize the risk of dangerous potential differences. Proper bonding is crucial.

Neutral Zone: Part of the ground unaffected by an earth electrode.
- Common Violation: Earth electrodes placed too close together, compromising safety.
- Solution: Position earth electrodes at a sufficient distance apart.

Measurement	Description
Earth Resistance (RE)	Must be ≤ 30 ohms for effective fault current dissipation
Earth Impedance (ZE)	Measures the overall resistance between the earth and the installation
Earth Loop Impedance (ZEB)	Measures the circuit between the earth electrode and return paths

CHAPTER 2.6. ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Electrical circuits are the core of installations, connecting devices to the power source. Understanding the components, design, and protection devices is essential for a safe and compliant installation.

Section 2.6.1. General Terms

The various types of circuits and their functions ensure safe operation tailored to the needs of the installation.

Basic Circuit:
- Definition: Part of an installation between two successive overcurrent protection devices.
- Example: Domestic lighting circuit with a protective circuit breaker.
Dedicated Circuit:
- Definition: Circuit supplying only one or several devices for a specific use.
- Example: Circuit for the oven and refrigerator in the kitchen to prevent overloading.
Circuit:
- Definition: A collection of several interconnected basic circuits linked to a main electrical panel.
Circuit Origin:
- Definition: The point where the wiring enters the installation or where there is a change in section or constitution.
- Example: Main panel of an apartment, where circuits branch out to different rooms.

Safety Circuit

Safety circuits, connected to a backup power source, ensure the operation of essential equipment during a power outage.

Critical Circuit:
- Definition: Circuit connected to the main or backup source for critical equipment.
- Example: Circuits in data centers for sensitive IT systems.

Common Violations and Solutions for Electrical Circuits

Common Violation	Solution
Lack of dedicated circuits for high-power appliances	Install dedicated circuits for high-energy devices, such as ovens.
Absence of safety circuits for critical equipment in public establishments	Provide safety circuits connected to backup power sources to ensure continuity.

Best Practices for Circuits:

Secure critical circuits using additional protection devices.
Verify the continuity of conductors to avoid disruptions that could cause malfunctions or risks.

Section 2.6.2. Currents

This section explains the different types of currents, essential for properly sizing circuits and ensuring the safety of electrical installations. The characteristics of each type of current determine the choices for wiring, protection, and compliance with standards.

Periodic Current:
A current that repeats identically at regular time intervals, called periods.
- Practical Example: The alternating current used in domestic networks is periodic with a frequency of 50 Hz in Europe, repeating every 20 milliseconds.
Alternating Current (AC):
A periodic current with an average value of zero, meaning it changes direction every period.
- Practical Example: The power supply for most household appliances, such as wall sockets, uses alternating current, allowing efficient transmission over long distances.
Application of AC
Alternating current is preferred for distribution networks because it allows voltage to be increased or decreased with transformers, minimizing energy losses during transmission.
Direct Current (DC):
A current that maintains the same direction, often used in circuits requiring a stable power supply.
- Practical Example: Batteries and solar panels produce direct current, suitable for electronic devices and electric vehicles.
Nominal Current:
The conventional current value for which a protective device is designed (e.g., a circuit breaker). This value should be adjusted according to the installation’s needs.
- Common Violation: Using a circuit breaker with a nominal current too high for the circuit may compromise safety.
- Solution: Follow manufacturer recommendations for each specific circuit.
Permissible Current of a Conductor:
The maximum current a conductor can carry without exceeding a safe temperature limit.
- Practical Example: A 2.5 mm² copper cable can typically carry a current of 16 A under normal conditions.
Overheating Risk
Exceeding the permissible current may cause the conductor to overheat, leading to fire hazards. Ensure cables are properly sized for each circuit.
Operating Current of a Circuit:
The current used to determine the circuit characteristics, considering usage conditions.
- Practical Example: Kitchen circuits must handle high operating currents for appliances like ovens and cooktops.
Overcurrent:
A current exceeding the nominal or permissible current of a conductor.
- Practical Example: A 10 A device plugged into an 8 A circuit will cause an overcurrent, potentially tripping the circuit breaker.
Short Circuit:
A fault causing a significant current flow between two points of different potential, resulting in a rapid overcurrent.
- Common Violation: Lack of adequate protection against short circuits can lead to dangerous overheating.
- Solution: Install appropriate circuit breakers that can instantly trip in case of a short circuit.
Residual Differential Current:
The sum of the instantaneous values of currents in a circuit. If non-zero, it indicates a potentially dangerous current leakage to earth.
- Practical Example: Differential devices detect residual currents to prevent leaks that could cause electric shocks.
Differential Protection
30 mA differential circuit breakers are essential for protecting against dangerous leaks in domestic installations, providing a first line of defense against electric shocks.

Section 2.6.3. Transformers

Transformers modify voltage levels based on installation requirements, ensuring safety and adaptation to specific circuits.

Transformer with Separate Windings:
The primary and secondary windings are electrically isolated, eliminating the risk of accidental contact.
- Practical Example: Used to power medical equipment to protect against accidental discharges.
Isolation Transformer:
Separates the windings to ensure reinforced isolation between circuits.
- Common Use: Employed in operating rooms and high-security environments to minimize the risk of electric shock.
Safety Transformer:
Supplies circuits with extra-low voltage (SELV), providing a secure power supply for users.
- Practical Example: Used for outdoor garden lighting or bathroom circuits.
- Common Violation: Failing to install a safety transformer in wet environments exposes users to shock risks.
- Solution: Install a safety transformer for circuits at risk of water exposure.
Enhanced Safety with SELV
SELV ensures maximum safety in sensitive environments. Safety transformers are essential for installations near water, where accidental contact is possible.

Section 2.6.4. Characteristics of Protective Devices

Protective devices are essential for interrupting circuits during unwanted currents, protecting installations and users from electrical hazards.

Residual Differential Operating Current

The value of residual differential current that triggers the device to protect the installation.

Practical Example: 30 mA devices protect household sockets against electric shocks.

Conventional Operating Current

The current at which a protective device must trip within a specific timeframe.

Example: A 16 A circuit breaker must trip if the current exceeds this value to prevent circuit overload.

Breaking Capacity

The ability of the device to safely interrupt a short-circuit current without damaging the installation.

Practical Example: Residential circuit breakers have a breaking capacity of 6 kA, sufficient for domestic needs.

Conventional Non-Tripping Current

The current that the device can withstand for an extended period without tripping.

Example: A 16 A circuit breaker can safely operate just below this limit, even for prolonged periods.

Joule Integral

Quantifies the energy dissipated by the protective device during tripping.

Practical Example: Essential for ensuring that devices can withstand short-circuit conditions without internal damage.
Joule Integral
The Joule integral measures the endurance of circuit breakers and fuses against prolonged overloads, ensuring they remain functional after a short circuit.

Intersection Current

The maximum overcurrent value beyond which the circuit breaker cannot interrupt the electric arc in the event of a short circuit.

Practical example: In critical circuits, it is vital to select a circuit breaker with an appropriate intersection current to prevent uncontrolled overheating risks.

CHAPTER 2.7. CONDUIT SYSTEMS

Electrical conduit systems are essential for safely transporting energy within installations. They include conductors, support elements, and protective devices that ensure the safety and longevity of the installations. This chapter covers the different types of conduit systems, their components, and common installation methods.

Section 2.7.1. General Terms

This section clarifies the fundamental terms related to electrical conduit systems. A precise understanding of these terms helps in selecting the correct materials and installation techniques for compliant systems.

Electrical Conductor:
A conductor is an element, either insulated or bare, intended for current flow. It can be made of copper, aluminum, or other conductive materials.

Role of Electrical Conductors
Conductors are the "veins" of the electrical installation, allowing energy to flow throughout the network. Proper sizing is crucial to prevent overheating.
Electrical Conduit:
An assembly of conductors, cables, or busbars, including necessary support and protection devices.
- Practical example: A conduit in a residential home includes cables that distribute power from the fuse box to various outlets and lights.
Class II Safety Conduit:
A conduit providing protection equivalent to Class II devices. These conduits are designed to ensure enhanced insulation, even in exposed environments.

Precaution in Exposed Areas
In areas prone to shocks or moisture, use Class II safety conduits to prevent accidental contact with live parts.
Insulated Conductor:
A conductor consisting of a conductive core, surrounded by an insulating layer. It may include shielding to reduce interference.
Joule Integral for Short-Circuit Withstand:
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a conductor during a short circuit. This value ensures the conductor can withstand brief overloads without damage.
Cable and Single-Core Cable:
An assembly of insulated conductors. A single-core cable contains one conductor, commonly used for simple circuits.
Sheath:
The outer covering of a cable, providing additional protection against impacts and external elements.
Connection and Junction:
A connection maintains continuity between two conductors, while a junction links the ends of two cables. A poorly made junction can lead to undesirable resistance and overheating risks.
Branch:
A connection that creates a secondary branch from a main conduit to supply additional equipment.
Cable Armor:
A protective layer made of metallic tapes or wires, safeguarding cables from mechanical stress.

Armor for Buried Cables
Armor is often necessary for buried cables or cables exposed to impacts, as it prevents damage that could expose the conductor.
Overhead Line and Bundle:
An outdoor power transmission line, supported by poles or pylons. A bundle is a set of three conductors forming a three-phase line.

Section 2.7.2. Installation Methods

Installation methods affect the safety, accessibility, and protection of cables within a system. This section presents various installation methods, illustrated for better understanding.

Hollow Block:
A prefabricated structure with cavities for routing cables.

Installation Method "Hollow Block" 📸
Figure 2.11, page 27: Illustration of a hollow block for structured installations in buildings.
- Trench or Floor Duct:
  A channel beneath the floor for cable routing, allowing easy access for maintenance.
Installation Method "Trench or Floor Duct" 📸
Figure 2.12, page 28: View of a floor duct, ideal for installations requiring cable access in buildings.
Cable Tray:
A profiled support system for guiding cables. Commonly used in industrial installations to organize and secure cables.

Installation Method "Cable Tray" 📸
Figure 2.13, page 28: A galvanized steel cable tray for secure support in industrial installations.
Conduit:
A continuous tube providing mechanical protection for conductors. Essential for installations in environments where physical damage is a risk.

Installation Method "Conduit" 📸
Figure 2.14, page 28: Example of a rigid conduit for protecting cables from impacts.
Sleeve (or Bushing):
A sleeve is an element surrounding an electrical conduit, providing additional protection, particularly when passing through walls (wall, partition, floor, ceiling) or in buried paths.
Duct:
A duct is an enclosure located above ground level. It protects cables without allowing human access but remains accessible along its entire length. It can be integrated into the structure or not.
Gallery:
A gallery is a spacious enclosure that allows people to circulate for cable maintenance. This installation type is ideal for large industrial systems requiring frequent access.
Trunking:
Trunking is a profiled enclosure closed by a removable cover, designed to contain conductors or cables. It is commonly used in installations where cable access is needed for modifications or maintenance.

Installation Method "Trunking" 📸
Figure 2.15, page 28: Illustration of trunking with multiple organized cables protected under a cover. It provides a secure and aesthetically discreet solution for visible installations.
Bracket:
A bracket is a piece attached to a wall to support a cable or conduit in a discontinuous manner. This support is commonly used in technical installations where cables need to be kept at a certain distance from the wall.

Installation Method "Bracket" 📸
Figure 2.16, page 29: Example of a bracket, an intermittent support to hold a cable in position on a wall.
Cable Gutter:
A cable gutter is an open-topped profile used for the horizontal routing of cables. It provides some accessibility while keeping the cables in place.

Installation Method "Cable Gutter" 📸
Figure 2.17, page 29: Illustration of a cable gutter containing cables, ideal for horizontal runs in technical rooms.
Molding:
Molding is a decorative profile with a base called a shoe and a removable cover. It is used for visible installations in residential spaces, allowing cables to be hidden in an aesthetically pleasing way.

Installation Tip
Moldings are particularly useful in living areas for discreet and neat installations.

Installation Method "Molding" 📸
Figure 2.18, page 29: Illustration of molding integrating cables in a discreet and accessible manner.
Grooved Baseboard (or Chamfer):
A grooved baseboard, or chamfer, features grooves for routing conductors and is closed with a removable cover. This type of installation is often used in renovations where cables need to be concealed.

Installation Method "Grooved Baseboard" 📸
Figure 2.19, page 29: Example of a grooved baseboard concealing cables at the base of walls for a clean and discreet installation.
Channel:
A channel is a long, narrow groove made in a material to allow cable passage. It remains accessible along its entire length for maintenance or modifications.
Chase:
A chase is a slot cut into the building material (wall, floor) for conduits, later sealed after installation to ensure a clean finish.

Precautions for Chases
Follow minimum depth and width requirements when making chases to avoid structural weakening and ensure safety.
Shelf:
A shelf is a continuous support fixed to a vertical wall, used to lay cables. This installation method is common in technical rooms where cables need to be visible and accessible.

Installation Method "Shelf" 📸
Figure 2.20, page 29: Illustration of a shelf used as a support for cables, ideal in technical installations requiring easy access.
Building Void:
A building void is a reserved space within walls (partitions, ceilings) to conceal cables while allowing accessibility at specific points. This installation method is often used in modern constructions to ensure the aesthetic appeal of the setup.
Surface-Mounted Electrical Conduit:
This type of conduit is mounted directly on the surface of a wall or in close proximity. The wall itself serves a dual role as both a mounting support and a protective element for the conduit. This method is often used in residential or industrial installations where cables need to be visible or accessible for maintenance.

Advantage of Surface Mounting
Surface mounting offers a simple solution for temporary installations or circuits that require easy accessibility.

These various installation methods, as described in the Belgian Electrical Regulations, enable a safe and compliant electrical setup adapted to the diverse needs of residential, commercial, and industrial environments. The choice of installation method must consider safety constraints, accessibility, and aesthetic requirements for each project.

CHAPTER 2.8. EQUIPMENT

The selection of electrical equipment in an installation is crucial for ensuring safety, durability, and compliance with the Belgian Electrical Regulations. This section explores essential terms and classifications of electrical equipment, including categories based on mobility and usage for appropriate application.

Section 2.8.1. General Terms

Electrical Machine or Device: Any equipment designed to generate, transform, distribute, or utilize electrical energy.
- Practical example: Industrial motors, transformers, and welding machines.
Importance of Classification ⚙️
The classification of electrical machines and devices helps in better understanding their characteristics, ensuring compliant and safe use in installations.
Electrical Equipment: Includes machines, devices, and electrical conduits. A complete system comprising machines, conduits, and control devices is also considered electrical equipment.
- Note: Ensuring each element’s compliance with standards guarantees the safety of the installation.
Low-Voltage Switchgear Assembly: A combination of low-voltage connection devices, including control, protection, and regulation elements.
- Practical example: A domestic electrical panel integrating circuit breakers and differential switches for installation protection.
System Assembly: Groups electrical and mechanical components like enclosures, busbars, and functional units, assembled according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
- Practical case: A modular system for power distribution in a commercial building.
Discharge Lamp Holders: Used to support lamps or tubes in installations without including direct power supply elements.
- Practical example: Neon tube holders in public or industrial environments.

Section 2.8.2. Mobility Options

The mobility of machines and devices affects their installation and safety measures.

Mobile Machine or Device: Movable during operation or easily transportable.
- Example: Vacuum cleaner, electric drill.
Precaution for Mobile Devices 🔌
When using mobile devices, ensure power cables are well-protected to prevent any accident risks.
Handheld Machine or Device: Designed to be held in hand during use, with continuous manual operation.
- Practical example: Hand drill, soldering iron.
Fixed Machine or Device: Permanently installed, requiring significant effort to be moved.
- Practical example: Industrial air compressor.
Stationary Fixed Machine or Device: Permanently attached.
- Example: Pool pump installed permanently.
Mobile Stationary Device: Normally stationary but movable for tasks like cleaning.
- Example: Refrigerator, movable for cleaning but rarely relocated.
Trolley: Power supply device for mobile machines, using a current collector.
- Example: Power supply systems for overhead cranes.

These categories help define the safety requirements for each type of equipment, considering its mobility and usage.

CHAPTER 2.9. ISOLATION AND CONTROL

Isolation and control ensure the safety and management of power supply in electrical installations. These functions are essential for maintenance operations, user safety, and optimizing energy usage.

Section 2.9.1. Key Definitions

All-pole disconnection: The interruption of all active conductors, including the neutral.
- Practical case: Ensures that all conductors are de-energized before any intervention, maximizing safety.
Safety ⚠️
Always ensure that the disconnection is all-pole before starting any work on an installation to eliminate the risk of electric shock.
Safety disconnection: Non-automatic isolation to eliminate hazards when working on live equipment.
- Example: Safety switch near an industrial machine.
Isolation: Allows disconnecting a part or the entire installation from its power source.
- Example: Circuit breakers in a panel to isolate specific circuits.
Mechanical maintenance disconnection: Isolating mechanical parts to prevent accidents related to mechanical movements.
- Example: Locking switch for a workshop motor.
Emergency electrical disconnection: Designed to quickly cut the power supply in case of unexpected danger.
- Emergency stop: Used to immediately stop a hazardous motion.
- Example: Emergency stop button on industrial machines.

Section 2.9.2. Types of Control

Control systems allow the management of power supply and ensure the safe operation of devices.

Functional control: To close, open, or adjust the power supply for a specific part of the installation.
- Example: Switch to turn on/off a lighting system.
Manual control: Direct action by a person to activate/deactivate the device.
- Example: Light switch.
Automatic control: Operates without human intervention, triggered by predefined conditions.
- Example: Thermostat automatically activating the heating.

These methods of isolation and control ensure that the installation is safe and easily accessible for maintenance and emergency interventions, contributing to better energy management and safety.

CHAPTER 2.10. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

Considering external influences is crucial for ensuring the safety, reliability, and compliance of electrical installations. Environmental, usage, and construction conditions directly impact the performance of equipment and may require additional precautions to prevent risks.

Section 2.10.1. General Overview

The study of external influences allows categorizing the conditions in which installations must operate, providing measures for each situation. The classification of external influences is based on three main categories:

Environmental Conditions 🌦️
- Definition: Factors such as humidity, temperature, and weather.
- Examples:
  - Atmosphere: Climatic variations (rain, snow, wind) that can affect safety.
  - Climate: Seasonal cycles influencing material durability.
  - Location: Geographic placement exposing the installation to specific risks (flooding, freezing).
Usage Circumstances 🔌
- Definition: Factors related to the use of the installation and activities performed in the premises.
- Examples:
  - Frequency of use: Intensive or occasional use of equipment.
  - Nature of activities: Types of operations conducted in the space, possibly requiring enhanced protection.
Construction Consequences 🧱
- Definition: Factors related to building materials and design.
- Examples:
  - Type of materials: Conductive or insulating materials impacting safety.
  - Building design: Design influencing heat dissipation or exposure to moisture.

Table 2.5. Categories of External Influences

First Letter of Code	Category
A	Environmental Conditions
B	Usage
C	Building Construction

Importance of Classification 🌍

This classification guides electricians in selecting the necessary equipment and protection based on the actual site conditions. It helps anticipate risks and ensure the longevity of the installations.

Section 2.10.2. Ambient Temperature (AA)

Ambient temperature directly affects the performance of electrical installations and the lifespan of materials. To manage these variations, a specific code is used to characterize the operating temperatures.

Classification of Ambient Temperatures

Code	Ambient Temperature	Conditions	Examples
AA1	Refrigerated	-60 °C to +5 °C	Freezing chambers
AA2	Very cold	-40 °C to +5 °C	Refrigerated rooms
AA3	Cold	-25 °C to +5 °C	Outdoor locations
AA4	Temperate	-5 °C to +40 °C	Temperate locations
AA5	Warm	+5 °C to +40 °C	Indoor spaces
AA6	Very warm	+5 °C to +60 °C	Boiler rooms, engine rooms

Risk of Overheating 🔥

In warm environments (AA5 and AA6), provide thermal protection devices to avoid risks of overheating.

Codes for Special Conditions

Code	Ambient Temperature	Conditions	Examples
AA7	Cold	-15 °C to +25 °C	Outdoors near buildings
AA8	Temperate	+5 °C to +30 °C	Heated indoor spaces

Note on Combined Codes 🌡️

Locations exposed to extreme temperatures, such as outdoor environments, are often designated by combined codes (e.g., AA3+5 for -25 °C to +40 °C).

Importance of Ambient Temperature

Safety: Prevents the risk of excessive heating.
Efficiency: Ensures optimal operation under ambient conditions.
Compliance: Meets temperature standards to avoid failures.

Section 2.10.3. Presence of Water (AD)

Humidity and exposure to water are significant hazards for electrical installations. Considering the levels of exposure, installations can be better protected against short circuits, corrosion, and other risks.

Classification of Water Presence

Code	Condition	Application Examples
AD1	Dry environment	Indoor spaces without humidity
AD2	Light ambient humidity	Bathrooms, kitchens
AD3	Stagnant water	Basements, flood-prone areas
AD4	Flowing water	Near rivers, lakes
AD5	Aquatic environment	Submerged or marine installations

Caution with Humidity 💧

In humid environments (AD2 and above), it is essential to use waterproof equipment to avoid any risk of short circuits.

Protection Examples:
- IP44: Protected against water splashes, suitable for AD2.
- IP68: Resistant to immersion, required for AD5 in submerged installations.

These precautions help secure installations based on the level of water exposure.

Importance of Considering Water Presence

Prevention of Short-Circuit Risks: By using equipment suitable for humid environments.
Durability: Water-resistant equipment lasts longer in high-humidity environments.
Compliance with Standards: Adheres to safety standards to avoid violations and protect users.

These chapters on external influences enable professionals to design and install robust, durable, and compliant electrical systems that provide optimal safety against environmental elements and usage conditions.

CHAPTER 2.10. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

Environmental influences on electrical installations play a fundamental role in their safety, durability, and compliance. The Belgian Electrical Regulations identify and classify various external influences, allowing professionals to plan appropriate protections for each specific situation.

Section 2.10.3. Risks Associated with Water Presence

The presence of water poses a significant hazard for electrical installations due to the conductive properties of water, which increase the risk of incidents.

Risks Associated with Water Presence

Electric Shocks ⚡: Water is an excellent conductor of electricity, raising the risk of electric shocks if it comes into contact with poorly protected installations.
Equipment Deterioration 🛠️: Humidity can cause corrosion of electrical components, reducing their efficiency and lifespan.
Access Difficulty 🚧: Humid or flooded areas can complicate access to installations for repairs or inspections, increasing maintenance costs.

Safety Measures

To mitigate risks associated with water, several safety measures are recommended:

Waterproof Equipment 🧰: Use devices designed to resist humidity (e.g., waterproof enclosures IP44 to IP68 based on exposure level).
Insulating Materials 🧱: Opt for water-resistant materials in high-risk areas to avoid accidental contact.
Regular Inspections 🔍: Implement a maintenance program to monitor and preserve installations exposed to humidity.

Safety Alert 💧

In high-humidity or flood-prone areas, ensure all electrical connections are properly sealed and protected by high-sensitivity differential devices to prevent current leaks.

Section 2.10.4. Presence of Foreign Solid Bodies (AE)

The presence of foreign solid bodies in the environment of electrical installations can cause malfunctions. This risk is classified based on the size and nature of the particles present.

Classification of Foreign Solid Bodies

Code	Foreign Solid Bodies	Description
AE1	Large objects	Bulky objects that can block circuits
AE2	Smaller objects (≥ 2.5 mm)	Small particles that may obstruct conduits
AE3	Fine objects (≥ 1 mm)	Fine particles that can penetrate equipment
AE4	Dust	Fine particles that accumulate and risk short circuits

Associated Risks

Obstruction 🚧: Solid bodies can block circuits or conduits, leading to interruptions in the operation of installations.
Deterioration 🛠️: Debris or particles can wear out electrical components, reducing their lifespan.
Fire Hazard 🔥: In dusty environments, particles can cause short circuits or electrical arcs, increasing the risk of fire.

Preventive Measures

To avoid dangers related to foreign solid bodies, the following precautions are recommended:

Filters and Grilles 🛡️: Install protective barriers to limit the entry of particles into sensitive equipment.
Cleaning Inspections 🧽: Conduct regular checks to detect and remove any accumulation of debris.
Adequate Spacing 📏: Design installations with sufficient spacing to allow air circulation, reducing particle buildup.

Importance of Inspections

Regular inspections are crucial in industrial environments where the presence of dust or particles is unavoidable.

Section 2.10.5. Presence of Corrosive or Polluting Substances (AF)

Corrosive or polluting substances can significantly affect the safety and longevity of electrical installations. Materials and components must be selected to withstand potentially aggressive environments.

Classification of Corrosive or Polluting Substances

Code	Corrosive or Polluting Substances	Exposure Conditions	Examples
AF1	Negligible	No significant influence	Domestic spaces
AF2	Atmospheric origin	Accidental exposure to corrosive agents	Buildings near chemical industries
AF3	Intermittent or accidental	Sporadic exposure to corrosive substances	Laboratories, garages
AF4	Continuous	Ongoing exposure to chemicals or pollutants	Chemical plants, industrial zones

Associated Risks

Corrosion of Equipment 🧪: Corrosive substances attack components, leading to failures and short circuits.
Deterioration of Installations 🛠️: Pollutants degrade insulation, reducing its effectiveness.
Health Hazards ☣️: Corrosive substances may also pose risks to personnel.

Preventive Measures

To protect installations from corrosive or polluting substances, the following measures are recommended:

Regular Environmental Assessment 🔍: Identify and monitor areas potentially exposed to corrosive agents.
Corrosion-Resistant Equipment 🛡️: Use materials and coatings designed for high-risk areas.
Cleaning and Maintenance Procedures 🧹: Regularly clean to prevent pollutant buildup.
Personnel Training 👷: Educate teams about the risks of corrosive substances and best safety practices.

Caution with Corrosive Substances ☠️

In environments exposed to chemical agents, ensure that the materials used meet corrosion resistance standards to avoid major incidents.

Section 2.10.6. Mechanical Stress Due to Impact (AG)

Mechanical stress due to impact directly affects the safety and durability of electrical installations, particularly in industrial environments. Each level of stress is defined by a code (AG1 to AG3) indicating the maximum impact energy tolerated and the required degree of resistance.

Code	Maximum Impact Energy	Impact Resistance Level	Usage Conditions
AG1	1 J	IP XX-4	Normal conditions in residential or similar environments.
AG2	6 J	IP XX-7	Industrial use with moderate impacts.
AG3	60 J	IP XX-11	Severe industrial environments exposed to heavy impacts.

Explanation of Stress Levels

AG1 - Residential Environments 🏠
This stress level is common in residential installations where the impact energy is low. Equipment must withstand minor impacts, such as a dropped object.

Tips for AG1
Use devices with appropriate protection ratings (e.g., IP XX-4) to ensure basic safety.
AG2 - Light Industrial Environments 🏭
In light industrial installations, equipment must withstand moderate impacts (6 J). This includes workshops or environments where mobile equipment or tools may occasionally strike installations.

Important!
In AG2 environments, opt for reinforced equipment with impact resistance IP XX-7 to prevent failures due to repeated impacts.
AG3 - Severe Industrial Environments 🔧
Under extreme conditions (AG3), installations must be able to withstand heavy impacts (60 J), typical in heavy industries. High protection (IP XX-11) is required to ensure the robustness of equipment against frequent impacts.

Warning for AG3
Ensure that all critical devices in these environments are tested and comply with IP XX-11 standards. Inadequate equipment may pose a risk of serious accidents.

Section 2.10.7. Mechanical Stress Due to Vibration (AH)

Vibrations can affect the performance and safety of electrical installations, especially in industrial environments. The classification (AH1 to AH3) helps differentiate the various levels of vibration to which equipment may be exposed.

Code	Vibration Level	Usage Conditions	Examples
AH1	Low	Stable environment, no vibrations	Residential areas, fixed equipment
AH2	Moderate	Moderate vibrations	Equipment with motors or moving parts
AH3	High	Intense vibrations	Near vibrating machines (e.g., screens, crushers)

Explanation of Vibration Stress Levels

AH1 - Vibration-Free Environments 🌿
In domestic or stable environments, vibrations are negligible. Installations do not require additional protection against vibrations.
AH2 - Moderate Vibrations ⚙️
AH2 environments include workshops where operating machinery may generate moderate vibrations. Equipment must be mounted with suitable fixings to absorb these vibrations and prevent damage.

Advice for AH2
Use anti-vibration mounts and conduct regular inspections to check the condition of connections, avoiding loosening caused by vibrations.
AH3 - High Vibrations 🚧
In environments with high vibrations (e.g., near heavy industrial machinery), equipment must be specifically designed to withstand constant shaking. This may include reinforced enclosures and shock-absorbing mounting systems.

Caution!
Excessive vibrations can lead to disconnections and short circuits in poorly protected installations. Ensure the use of durable materials and robust mounting systems.

Section 2.10.8. Presence of Flora and/or Mold (AK) and Fauna (AL)

Electrical installations may be affected by the presence of flora, mold, and fauna. These factors are classified by the codes AK (plants/mold) and AL (fauna) and require appropriate protections to ensure equipment longevity.

Presence of Flora and/or Mold (AK)

Code	Conditions	Examples
AK1	Negligible	Environments without significant vegetation or mold.
AK2	Risk	Environments with high vegetation presence or humidity (e.g., greenhouses, forests).

Presence of Fauna (AL)

Code	Conditions	Examples
AL1	Negligible	No risks from animals or insects.
AL2	Risk	Presence of insects or animals that can damage installations (e.g., rodents, ants).

Associated Risks and Preventive Measures

Biological Corrosion 🌱: Mold and certain plants can accelerate the corrosion of equipment.
Damage Caused by Fauna 🐭: Rodents and insects can gnaw on cables, leading to short circuits and failures.
Prevention Measures for Flora and Fauna
- Use cables protected by rodent-resistant sheaths in high-risk areas.
- In humid environments (AK2), prioritize corrosion-treated equipment.

Section 2.10.9. Electromagnetic, Electrostatic, or Ionizing Influences (AM)

Electromagnetic, electrostatic, or ionizing influences can significantly affect electrical installations. They are classified under the code AM (AM1 to AM6) to indicate their level of impact on the installations.

Code	Influence	Description
AM1	No harmful effects	No detrimental effects from stray currents or radiation.
AM2	Harmful stray currents	Parasite currents that may cause damage.
AM3	Harmful electromagnetic radiation	Impact of electromagnetic waves on sensitive equipment.
AM4	Ionizing radiation	Presence of radiation that may alter electrical components.
AM5	Harmful electrostatic charges	Risks from the accumulation of static charges.
AM6	Harmful induced currents	Problems caused by induced currents.

Associated Risks and Preventive Measures

Electromagnetic Interference 📡: Sensitive installations, such as medical equipment, can be disturbed by electromagnetic fields.
Electrostatic Charges ⚡: In the presence of static charges, unintentional discharges can damage electronic circuits.
Tips for Electromagnetic Protection
- Use shielded cables to reduce electromagnetic interference (especially in AM3 environments).
- Install electrostatic discharge devices in AM5 zones to prevent charge buildup.
Stray Currents and Induced Currents 🔋: These currents can damage unprotected metal installations, increasing the risk of corrosion and wear.

Warning!
In environments exposed to stray currents (AM2) or induced currents (AM6), ensure that metal structures are properly insulated and protected against corrosion.

CHAPTER 2.10. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

External influences encompass various environmental and structural factors that can impact the safety and durability of electrical installations. Analyzing and understanding these influences is essential to ensure compliance, safety, and efficiency of electrical systems.

Section 2.10.10. Solar Radiation (AN)

Solar radiation can alter electrical installations, particularly when exposed to high intensity or prolonged duration.

Code	Solar Radiation	Conditions
AN1	Negligible	No significant effect on installations.
AN2	Harmful	Intense radiation that can degrade equipment.

Risks Associated with Solar Radiation

Component Overheating 🔥: Solar radiation can cause overheating of exposed equipment, affecting performance and lifespan.
Material Degradation 🌞: Prolonged UV exposure can lead to premature aging of sheaths and enclosures.
Precautions for Outdoor Installations
- Use UV-protected equipment for installations exposed to sunlight.
- Install ventilation or shading devices to limit overheating.

Prevention Tips

Choose UV-resistant Materials: Opt for sheaths and enclosures treated against UV exposure for better longevity.
Install Shelters or Protections: For fixed outdoor installations, use awnings or protective covers to limit direct sun exposure.

Table 2.14. External Influences – Solar Radiation (AN) is available on page 33 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations.

Section 2.10.11. Competence of Individuals (BA)

The competence of individuals handling or working on electrical installations is a crucial safety factor. This classification allows for adapting equipment and procedures according to the abilities of the individuals involved.

Code	Competence of Individuals	Conditions
BA1	Ordinary	Individuals without specific training.
BA2	Children	Children in areas designed for their access.
BA3	Disabled	Individuals with physical or mental limitations.
BA4	Informed	Individuals aware of the risks.
BA5	Qualified	Professionals trained and skilled in electrical safety.

Safety Measures

Training for Qualified Personnel 🎓: Individuals working in electrical environments must be trained to understand the risks and handle equipment safely.

Good to Know
Continuous training and awareness of electrical hazards are essential for informed (BA4) and qualified (BA5) individuals to minimize accidents.
Adaptations for Children and Disabled Individuals 👶♿: In locations accessible to children or disabled persons, additional protective devices are necessary (e.g., secure outlets, locked enclosures).

Table 2.15. External Influences – Competence of Individuals (BA) is found on page 34 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations.

Section 2.10.12. Human Body Condition (BB)

The condition of the human body, particularly skin moisture, influences the risk of electric shock. This factor is crucial for installations where individuals may have direct or indirect contact with live equipment.

Code	Human Body Condition	Conditions
BB1	Dry skin or minimal sweat moisture	Normal conditions, minimal humidity.
BB2	Wet skin	Increased moisture due to environmental conditions.
BB3	Skin immersed in water	Prolonged contact with water, increasing the risk.

Precautions Based on Skin Condition

Enhanced Risk of Electric Shock Due to Moisture 💦: Water increases the conductivity of the skin, making electric shocks more likely and dangerous.
Safety Measures
- In humid environments (BB2), use devices with increased protection (IP-rated) to avoid contact with live parts.
Risks of Immersion 🛀: Installations in environments where immersion is possible (BB3) require reinforced insulation and extra-low voltage safety devices (ELV).

Table 2.16. External Influences – Human Body Condition (BB) is located on page 34 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations.

Section 2.10.13. Contact with Earth Potential (BC)

Contact with earth potential increases the risk of electric shock. This code measures the frequency of contact between individuals and conductive elements connected to the ground.

Code	Earth Potential Contact	Conditions
BC1	None	No contact with conductive elements.
BC2	Low	Occasional contact with conductive elements.
BC3	Frequent	Frequent contact with conductive elements.
BC4	Continuous	Permanent contact with conductive elements.

Protection Measures

Installation of Rapid Shutdown Devices ⚡: In environments with frequent or continuous contact (BC3 and BC4), differential circuit breakers are essential to interrupt the circuit in case of current leakage.
Risk Reduction Advice
- Use insulating materials around areas with frequent contact with earth potential.
Marking and Signage 🚧: In industrial environments, clearly indicate high-risk areas with conductive elements.

Table 2.17. External Influences – Earth Potential Contact (BC) is found on page 34 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations.

Section 2.10.14. Evacuation Possibilities in Emergency Situations (BD)

Evacuation possibilities are a key factor in ensuring occupant safety in case of electrical incidents. This code (BD1 to BD4) considers occupancy density and ease of evacuation.

Code	Evacuation Possibilities	Occupancy Density	Evacuation Conditions	Examples
BD1	Normal	Low	Easy	Low-rise residential buildings (< 25 m).
BD2	Long	Low	Difficult	High-rise buildings (≥ 25 m).
BD3	Crowded	High	Easy	Public venues.
BD4	Long and Crowded	High	Difficult	High-rise public buildings.

Measures for Safe Evacuations

Evacuation Plan 📝: A clear plan and easily accessible emergency exits are essential in high-occupancy buildings (BD3 and BD4).

Important!
Ensure emergency exits are unobstructed and accessible at all times.
Emergency Lighting and Signage 🚨: Emergency lighting systems are required in high-risk areas to facilitate quick and safe evacuation.

Table 2.18. External Influences – Evacuation Possibilities (BD) is available on page 35 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations.

Section 2.10.15. Nature of Processed or Stored Materials (BE)

The nature of materials handled in installations can introduce specific risks (fire, explosion, contamination). The BE code classifies these risks.

Code	Nature of Processed Materials	Conditions	Examples
BE1	Negligible risks	No hazardous materials.	Domestic use.
BE2	Fire risks	Storage of combustible materials.	Barns, woodworking shops.
BE3	Explosion risks	Explosive or flammable materials.	Refineries, fuel depots.
BE4	Contamination risks	Unprotected food or pharmaceutical products.	Food industries, laboratories.

Safety Measures Based on Stored Materials

Explosion-Proof Systems 💥: In BE3 zones, electrical installations must be explosion-proof to prevent explosion risks.

Tip for Sensitive Environments
Choose materials and devices suited for fire or explosion risk areas.
Temperature Controls 🌡️: In BE2 and BE3 zones, install heat detectors to prevent fire outbreaks.

Table 2.19. External Influences – Nature of Materials (BE) is available on page 35 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations.

Section 2.10.16. Building Materials (CA)

Building materials influence electrical safety, especially in case of fire.

Code	Building Materials	Conditions	Examples
CA1	Non-combustible materials	Reduced fire risks.	Concrete, steel buildings.
CA2	Combustible materials	Increased fire risks.	Wooden buildings.

Safety Measures Based on Building Materials

Fire Safety Devices 🔥: In buildings made with combustible materials (CA2), plan for suitable fire detection and suppression systems.

Important!
Combustible materials require heightened vigilance and appropriate safety equipment.

Table 2.20. External Influences – Building Materials (CA) is found on page 35 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations.

Section 2.10.17. Building Structure (CB)

The building structure can influence fire spread or be subject to movement.

Code	Building Structure	Conditions	Examples
CB1	Negligible risks	Standard and stable constructions.	Standard buildings.
CB2	Fire spread	Facilitates the spread of fire.	High-rise buildings.
CB3	Movement	Risks due to structural movement.	Long-span buildings.
CB4	Flexible or unstable	Fragile or temporary constructions.	Tents, inflatable structures.

Precautions Based on Building Structure

Additional Safety Devices 🧯: In structures prone to movement (CB3) or fire spread (CB2), it is crucial to install detection and fire suppression systems.
Adapting Installations 🏗️: Flexible or temporary structures (CB4) require secure installations designed to withstand vibrations and movement.

Table 2.21. External Influences – Building Structure (CB) is located on page 35 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations.

CHAPTER 2.11. WORK AND INSPECTION

Work and inspections are essential elements to ensure the safety and compliance of electrical installations. This chapter covers different types of work, safety precautions, and necessary inspection procedures to maintain safe and compliant installations.

Section 2.11.1. Electrical Installation Work

Work related to electrical installations is divided into several categories, each requiring specific safety measures to ensure the protection of workers and the safety of the installation.

Types of Work

Type of Work	Description	Examples of Intervention
Electrical Work	Direct interventions on an electrical installation.	Repairs, maintenance, modifications.
Non-Electrical Work	Work carried out near an electrical installation without directly interacting with it.	Painting, tree trimming, construction.
Operational Work	Control, command, or operation of electrical installations.	Start/stop of equipment.
Switching and Control Work	Changing the electrical state of an installation.	Connecting or disconnecting a device.
Inspection Work	Verification of the installation's condition.	Visual checks, testing, measurements.
Live Work	Interventions involving direct contact with live parts.	Emergency repairs on an active network.
Proximity Work Near Live Parts	Interventions close to live conductors without direct contact.	Maintenance near live cables.
Dead Work	Interventions on de-energized installations, with all safety precautions in place.	General maintenance.

Work Zones and Safety

Electrical work requires a clear understanding of safety zones around installations. These zones, illustrated in Figures 2.21 to 2.23, include:

Live Zone ⚡: Area surrounding exposed live parts. It requires heightened vigilance and protective equipment.
Proximity Zone 🛑: Area around the live zone, where shock risks are reduced but caution is still necessary.
Work Zone 🔧: Area where the work is performed. This zone must be marked and secured to prevent accidental intrusions.

Safety Distance Table (Table 2.22): The safety distances DL and DV are specified for each nominal network voltage. It is essential to respect these distances to protect workers from electric arc risks and unintentional contact.

Safety Tips

Assign Roles 🎓:
- Work Supervisor: Responsible for directing the work. Ensures that procedures are followed.
- Installation Supervisor: Responsible for the safety of the installation. Can delegate tasks but maintains overall supervision.
Mark Off Work Zones 🚧:
- Set up barriers and clear signage around live zones and proximity zones to prevent accidental intrusions.
Use Protective Equipment 🧤:
- Wear insulating gear (gloves, footwear) and use tools designed for live electrical work.
Check Safety Distances 📏:
- Respect DL and DV distances to minimize risks of electric shock and arc flash.

Figures 2.21 to 2.23: Illustrations of safety zones with protective insulating and grounded metal devices.

Section 2.11.2. Inspection of Electrical Installations

Regular inspection of electrical installations is essential to ensure compliance with safety standards. Thorough verification helps detect potential defects, assess conformity, and prevent accidents.

Verification Process and Key Terminology

Term	Description
Approved Organization	Entity responsible for conducting initial compliance checks and periodic inspections.
Inspector	Authorized person from the approved organization who performs conformity inspections.
Pre-use Compliance Check	Verification to ensure the installation meets standards before being put into service.
Control Visit	Regular inspection to ensure continuous compliance of installations.
Commissioning	First use of the electrical installation after verification.
Significant Modification	Change or extension with a major impact on safety (e.g., change in earthing scheme).

Steps for Installation Verification

Initial Compliance Check ✔️:
- Before commissioning, an approved organization must certify that the installation meets all applicable safety standards. This check covers all aspects of the installation, including connections, safety distances, and component integrity.
Periodic Inspections 🔄:
- Schedule regular control visits to ensure the installation remains compliant and to identify potential issues.
Advice
Plan inspection frequency based on the installation characteristics and usage conditions (approximately every 5 years for domestic installations).
Inspections After Modifications 🔧:
- If the installation undergoes a significant modification or extension, a compliance check is required to validate the safety of the entire system.
Important
Any significant change, such as an alteration to the earthing system or replacement of a distribution board, must be reported to the inspection organization.

Examples of Modifications Requiring Verification

Change in Earthing Scheme 🌍: Altering the configuration of the earthing system to meet new standards or conditions.
Increase in Short-Circuit Power ⚡: If the admissible short-circuit power is exceeded, a verification is mandatory to ensure safety.
Replacement of a Distribution Board 🖥️: Replacing a distribution board requires verification to ensure continued compliance with standards.

Table 2.22: Safety distances DL and DV values based on the nominal voltage of the network.

References to Figures and Tables

Figures 2.21 to 2.23: Representations of work, proximity, and live zones with various protective devices.
Table 2.22: Safety distances for different nominal voltage levels.

CHAPTER 2.12. SCHEMATICS, PLANS, AND DOCUMENTS OF ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

Documentation of electrical installations is essential for planning, assembly, maintenance, and safety of the systems. Schematics, plans, and documents help professionals understand the installation architecture, quickly detect issues, and ensure compliance with safety standards.

Key Terminology

Each type of document or schematic serves a specific purpose essential for comprehensive management of installations. Here are the main elements to know:

1. Schematic 📊

Definition: Graphical representation of the various parts of the electrical installation and their interconnections.
Purpose: Allows electricians and technicians to understand how the components are interconnected.

2. Plan 🗺️

Definition: Scaled representation of the physical layout of installation components.
Purpose: Valuable for physical interventions, showing where each element is located in the building.
Tip: Keep plans up to date, especially after any modifications or extensions to the installation.

3. Functional Diagram 🔄

Definition: Diagram illustrating the overall operation of the installation.
Purpose: Helps visualize energy flows and the behavior of the system under normal conditions.
Example: A functional diagram of a security system will show how each component activates in case of an alarm.

4. Circuit Diagram 🔌

Definition: Diagram showing individual circuits and their components.
Purpose: Useful for quickly identifying specific circuits and for targeted interventions.

Advice
Use color coding to differentiate circuits on the diagrams, making it easier to identify during maintenance.

5. Wiring Diagram ⚙️

Definition: Shows the assembly and connection of various parts of the installation.
Purpose: Essential for electricians during installation or maintenance.
Example: A wiring diagram for a distribution board will detail where and how to connect each component.

Caution
Follow the exact specifications of the wiring diagram to avoid connection errors.

6. Position Plan 📍

Definition: Indicates the location of various parts of the installation.
Purpose: Helps locate key elements such as outlets, switches, or distribution boards within a building.
Example: A position plan for a commercial building will show the location of each power point.

7. External Influences Document 🌦️

Definition: Document listing external influences to be considered (e.g., humidity, dust, vibrations).
Purpose: Helps plan suitable protective measures for each component.

Reminder
External influences can affect the durability and safety of installations. Refer to this document when adding new equipment.

8. Evacuation Plan 🚪

Definition: Plan indicating escape routes and exits in case of emergency.
Purpose: Essential for rescue operations and guiding occupants during an emergency.

Safety
Ensure that evacuation plans are visible and accessible to all building occupants.

9. List of Evacuation Routes and Difficult-to-Evacuate Areas 🏢

Definition: Directory of areas requiring special measures for evacuation.
Purpose: Helps plan specific actions for zones where evacuation is complex (e.g., basements, high floors).
Example: In hospitals, these lists identify areas where mobility-impaired patients may be located.

10. Safety Installation Plan 🛡️

Definition: Diagram showing the position of safety sources, emergency circuits, and fire compartments.
Purpose: Allows quick intervention to ensure continuity of critical services during an incident.

Advice
Clearly mark safety circuits on the plan for immediate access in emergencies.

11. Underground Conduit Plan (Cable Plan) 🌍

Definition: Plan indicating the location of buried electrical conduits.
Purpose: Prevents accidental cuts during excavation or construction work.
Example: A cable plan for an industrial complex helps avoid unintended power outages during civil works.

Important
Cable plans must be consulted before any digging to prevent potentially fatal accidents.

12. Critical Installation Plan ⚠️

Definition: Lists critical circuits and measures to take in case of power loss.
Purpose: Guides emergency interventions during power outages for vital systems.
Example: In a hospital, the critical installation plan includes medical equipment that must be powered at all times.

Advice
Ensure that emergency personnel are familiar with this plan to act effectively during power failures.

13. List of Safety and/or Critical Installations 📝

Definition: A directory of safety and critical installations with information on their autonomy and safety measures.
Purpose: Enables precise management and monitoring of critical equipment.
Example: A list indicating the backup time for each safety system in a building.

Importance of Schematics, Plans, and Documents for Electrical Installations

Schematics, plans, and documents are vital tools for electricians, maintenance technicians, and safety officers. They provide:

Error Prevention: By offering a clear and detailed view of the installations.
Facilitated Emergency Interventions: By making critical points easily accessible.
Regulatory Compliance: By documenting elements in accordance with standards.
Improved Maintenance: Through precise and accessible information on the structure and components of the installation.

Reference Tables and Figures: Detailed requirements for schematics and documents for each type of installation are presented in the relevant tables and figures within the Belgian Electrical Regulations, providing a comprehensive guide for electrical documentation.

Chapter 2.13. Graphical Symbols

Introduction

Graphical symbols are essential visual tools for representing elements of an electrical installation. They simplify the reading and understanding of single-line diagrams and position plans by standardizing the information for accurate and quick interpretation. The symbols follow the standards of the IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and BELEC (Belgian Electrotechnical Commission), ensuring compliance with both international and Belgian standards.

Categories of Symbols

Graphical symbols are organized into three main categories, each representing a crucial part of the electrical installation.

A. General Symbols 🔋

These symbols identify the type of current and the power supply of the installation.

Direct Current (DC):
- 📘 Symbol: Represents circuits powered by direct current.
- Use: Commonly used for solar panels, batteries, or other DC power sources.
Alternating Current (AC):
- 📗 Symbol: Various symbols for single-phase and three-phase variants.
- Use: Typically used in domestic and industrial networks for powering common equipment.

B. Electrical Equipment Symbols ⚡

Symbols for electrical equipment are crucial for understanding active components of the installation.

Distribution Board:
- 📋 Symbol: Indicates the central point for distributing electrical power within the building.
- Use: Visualizes the distribution of electricity to various circuits. Essential for controlling and isolating circuits during maintenance or outages.
Junction Box:
- 🔌 Symbol: Represents connection points between circuits.
- Use: Used for centralizing connections, making wiring and system maintenance easier.

C. Electrical Conduits Symbols 🛠️

Symbols related to electrical conduits indicate the mode of power distribution, whether underground, overhead, or embedded.

Electrical Conduit:
- 📐 Symbol: Indicates the type of wiring used for electrical transmission.
- Examples: Underground for gardens, overhead for street poles, or integrated into wall conduits for indoor installations.
Embedded Conduit:
- 🧱 Symbol: Used for conduits integrated into walls or under floors.
- Use: Protects cables in high-traffic areas and maintains a clean aesthetic.

Use of Symbols

Each symbol is designed to facilitate communication between electrical professionals and clients. For instance, a distribution board symbol clearly indicates how and where electricity is routed within different areas of a building. Moreover, symbols are critical for the design of schematics and installation plans, ensuring universal readability.

Note - Importance of Symbols 📘

Graphical symbols provide a universal representation of electrical installations, simplifying maintenance and diagnostics even for technicians unfamiliar with the specific installation.

Additional Considerations 📝

Some symbols may vary slightly depending on local standards or specific installation requirements. If a particular symbol is not included in the standard documentation, it is highly recommended to consult a qualified electrician. A professional can ensure accurate interpretation and compliance with the Belgian Electrical Regulations and other local standards.

Caution

Do not attempt to interpret or modify schematics without proper training. Always leave interventions to a professional to ensure the safety and compliance of installations.

Conclusion of Part 2 🎯

Part 2 of the Belgian Electrical Regulations focuses on terms and definitions, serving as a fundamental pillar to ensure safety and compliance in all electrical installations. By clarifying essential concepts and precisely defining the various elements of an installation, this section plays a crucial role in facilitating effective communication and understanding among all industry professionals.

🔑 Key Takeaways from Part 2

Standardized Terminology: The use of rigorous terminology enables smooth and unambiguous communication between electricians, technicians, and inspectors. Understanding external influences, types of work, and necessary inspections is crucial to ensure installations meet the requirements of the Belgian Electrical Regulations and international standards.
Document Precision 📄: Schematics, plans, and documents are more than mere formalities – they provide complete traceability of installations, facilitating future interventions and maintenance operations. With standardized graphical symbols, these documents become a universal visual language, essential for diagnosing issues and carrying out work safely.
Risk Anticipation ⚠️: Various external influences, such as climatic, mechanical, or environmental constraints, are addressed to help professionals anticipate risks and adapt installations to specific environments. This proactive approach is essential to protect both the installation and the end users.
Compliance and Safety: Adhering to the definitions and classifications of the Belgian Electrical Regulations ensures that every step – from design to maintenance – meets safety standards and regulatory requirements. Taking each aspect into account contributes to the durability and reliability of electrical systems.

💡 In Summary…

This section provides a solid foundation for all installation, inspection, and maintenance work in the electrical sector. By thoroughly understanding and applying these definitions, professionals can not only guarantee the safety and compliance of their installations but also enhance intervention efficiency and ensure the longevity of equipment.

With well-defined concepts and clear documentation, this part of the Belgian Electrical Regulations becomes an indispensable reference for any professional committed to the safety and efficiency of electrical installations.

Best Practices - Summary of Part 2 🎯

Installation Characteristics: Use components suited to the specifications of each installation type (domestic, industrial), respecting voltage and current limits to ensure the safety and longevity of equipment.
Protection Against Electric Shock ⚡: Install specific protection devices for each class of equipment. Adhere to insulation and installation standards to minimize the risk of electrocution.
Earthing Systems 🛠️: Ensure proper earthing for all installations and sensitive equipment. Follow the appropriate earthing schemes for network types to guarantee optimal safety.
Current Management and Protection Devices 🔋: Select and size protection devices accurately based on usage currents to prevent overloads and short circuits. Document all installations for future reference.
Conduits and Installation Methods 🏗️: Choose quality conduits and adapt the installation method based on constraints (buried, overhead, in ducts, etc.). Secure conduits firmly and protect them from external influences for a durable installation.
Disconnection and Control 🔒: Integrate clear and easily accessible disconnection and control devices to enable safe interventions during maintenance or emergencies.
External Influences 🌧️: Implement protections against temperature, humidity, shocks, and corrosive substances to extend the lifespan of installations and ensure proper operation.
Work and Inspections 👷: Delegate electrical work (live or dead) to qualified professionals. Perform regular inspections to ensure ongoing safety and regulatory compliance.
Schematics and Documentation 📐: Keep wiring diagrams and compliance documents up to date, including single-line diagrams, installation plans, and safety devices. Complete documentation facilitates maintenance and modification of installations.
Graphical Symbols 🖌️: Use standardized symbols in your schematics for clear and effective communication between different stakeholders (electricians, inspectors, etc.).

By following these best practices inspired by the Belgian Electrical Regulations, you ensure the compliance, safety, and durability of your electrical installations.

Disclaimer:
The contents of this site, docs.bativolt.com, are provided by Bativolt, a licensed electrical company. Intended for educational purposes, they are based on our interpretation and experience with the Belgian Electrical Regulations. Bativolt cannot be held responsible for any misuse or misinterpretation of the regulations or our documentation.

CHAPTER 2.1. INTRODUCTION​

CHAPTER 2.2. INSTALLATION CHARACTERISTICS​

Section 2.2.1. General Characteristics​

Subsection 2.2.1.1. General Terms​

Subsection 2.2.1.2. Earthing Diagrams​

b. Descriptions of Earthing Systems​

b.1. TN System Variants​

b.2. TT System​

b.3. IT System​

Section 2.2.2. Quantities and Units​

Basic Quantities​

Advanced Quantities​

Section 2.2.3. Various Installations​

CHAPTER 2.3. VOLTAGES​

Section 2.3.1. General Terms​

Voltage Classification​

Section 2.3.2. Voltage Ranges in Alternating Current​

Section 2.3.3. Direct Current Voltage Ranges​

CHAPTER 2.4. PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCKS

Section 2.4.1. General Terms​

Key Term Definitions​

Parts and Components in an Electrical Installation​

Conventional Voltage Limits and Safety Curves​

Section 2.4.2. Insulations​

Section 2.4.3. Classification of Equipment for Protection Against Electric Shocks​

Touch Accessibility Volume​

CHAPTER 2.5. EARTHING SYSTEMS

Earthing Installation​

Explanation of Earthing Components​

Overall Operation​

Importance of Earth Resistance​

Key Terms and Components of Earthing​

Protective and Earth Conductors​

Protection Zones, Bonding, and Earth Resistance​

CHAPTER 2.6. ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Section 2.6.1. General Terms​

Common Violations and Solutions for Electrical Circuits​

Section 2.6.2. Currents​

Section 2.6.3. Transformers​

Section 2.6.4. Characteristics of Protective Devices​

Residual Differential Operating Current​

Conventional Operating Current​

Breaking Capacity​

Conventional Non-Tripping Current​

Joule Integral​

Intersection Current​

CHAPTER 2.7. CONDUIT SYSTEMS​

Section 2.7.1. General Terms​

Section 2.7.2. Installation Methods​

CHAPTER 2.8. EQUIPMENT​

Section 2.8.1. General Terms​

Section 2.8.2. Mobility Options​

CHAPTER 2.9. ISOLATION AND CONTROL​

Section 2.9.1. Key Definitions​

Section 2.9.2. Types of Control​

CHAPTER 2.10. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES​

Section 2.10.1. General Overview​

Table 2.5. Categories of External Influences​

Section 2.10.2. Ambient Temperature (AA)​

Classification of Ambient Temperatures​

Codes for Special Conditions​

Importance of Ambient Temperature​

Section 2.10.3. Presence of Water (AD)​

Classification of Water Presence​

Importance of Considering Water Presence​

CHAPTER 2.10. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES​

Section 2.10.3. Risks Associated with Water Presence​

Risks Associated with Water Presence​

Safety Measures​

Section 2.10.4. Presence of Foreign Solid Bodies (AE)​

Classification of Foreign Solid Bodies​

Associated Risks​

Preventive Measures​

Section 2.10.5. Presence of Corrosive or Polluting Substances (AF)​

Classification of Corrosive or Polluting Substances​

Associated Risks​

Preventive Measures​

Section 2.10.6. Mechanical Stress Due to Impact (AG)​

Explanation of Stress Levels​

Section 2.10.7. Mechanical Stress Due to Vibration (AH)​

CHAPTER 2.1. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 2.2. INSTALLATION CHARACTERISTICS

Section 2.2.1. General Characteristics

Subsection 2.2.1.1. General Terms

Subsection 2.2.1.2. Earthing Diagrams

b. Descriptions of Earthing Systems

b.1. TN System Variants

b.2. TT System

b.3. IT System

Section 2.2.2. Quantities and Units

Basic Quantities

Advanced Quantities

Section 2.2.3. Various Installations

CHAPTER 2.3. VOLTAGES

Section 2.3.1. General Terms

Voltage Classification

Section 2.3.2. Voltage Ranges in Alternating Current

Section 2.3.3. Direct Current Voltage Ranges

Section 2.4.1. General Terms

Key Term Definitions

Parts and Components in an Electrical Installation

Conventional Voltage Limits and Safety Curves

Section 2.4.2. Insulations

Section 2.4.3. Classification of Equipment for Protection Against Electric Shocks

Touch Accessibility Volume

Earthing Installation

Explanation of Earthing Components

Overall Operation

Importance of Earth Resistance

Key Terms and Components of Earthing

Protective and Earth Conductors

Protection Zones, Bonding, and Earth Resistance

Section 2.6.1. General Terms

Common Violations and Solutions for Electrical Circuits

Section 2.6.2. Currents

Section 2.6.3. Transformers

Section 2.6.4. Characteristics of Protective Devices

Residual Differential Operating Current

Conventional Operating Current

Breaking Capacity

Conventional Non-Tripping Current

Joule Integral

Intersection Current

CHAPTER 2.7. CONDUIT SYSTEMS

Section 2.7.1. General Terms

Section 2.7.2. Installation Methods

CHAPTER 2.8. EQUIPMENT

Section 2.8.1. General Terms

Section 2.8.2. Mobility Options

CHAPTER 2.9. ISOLATION AND CONTROL

Section 2.9.1. Key Definitions

Section 2.9.2. Types of Control

CHAPTER 2.10. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

Section 2.10.1. General Overview

Table 2.5. Categories of External Influences

Section 2.10.2. Ambient Temperature (AA)

Classification of Ambient Temperatures

Codes for Special Conditions

Importance of Ambient Temperature

Section 2.10.3. Presence of Water (AD)

Classification of Water Presence

Importance of Considering Water Presence

CHAPTER 2.10. EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

Section 2.10.3. Risks Associated with Water Presence

Risks Associated with Water Presence

Safety Measures

Section 2.10.4. Presence of Foreign Solid Bodies (AE)

Classification of Foreign Solid Bodies

Associated Risks

Preventive Measures

Section 2.10.5. Presence of Corrosive or Polluting Substances (AF)

Classification of Corrosive or Polluting Substances

Associated Risks

Preventive Measures

Section 2.10.6. Mechanical Stress Due to Impact (AG)

Explanation of Stress Levels

Section 2.10.7. Mechanical Stress Due to Vibration (AH)

Explanation of Vibration Stress Levels

Section 2.10.8. Presence of Flora and/or Mold (AK) and Fauna (AL)

Presence of Flora and/or Mold (AK)